Analytical Chemistry 4 Comments / By fawadtwopointo@gmail.com / August 19, 2025 Welcome to your Analytical Chemistry Which of the following is a primary standard in titration? Na2CO3 NaOH K2Cr2O7 HCl None Which technique is used for the separation of ions in solution? Polarimetry Chromatography Nephelometry Gravimetry None The unit of absorbance in spectrophotometry is: ppm mol/L No unit cm None Beer-Lambert’s law relates absorbance with: Concentration Surface area Temperature Pressure None Which of the following is a gravimetric method? Precipitation Conductometry Potentiometry Spectroscopy None In AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy), the source of light is: Hollow cathode lamp Sodium vapor lamp UV lamp Tungsten lamp None In chromatography, Rf value is defined as: Distance travelled by solvent / solute Distance travelled by solute / distance travelled by solvent None Solvent front only None Internal standard method is applied to improve: Accuracy Resolution Precision Sensitivity None Flame photometry is mainly used to detect: Alkali metals Transition metals Actinides Lanthanides None The function of a salt bridge in electrochemical cell is: To provide electrons To act as electrode To measure voltage To maintain electrical neutrality None Which indicator is used in strong acid–strong base titration? Methyl orange Starch Eriochrome Black T Phenolphthalein None Oxidation number of Mn in KMnO4 is: +7 +4 +8 +6 None Standard electrode potential of SHE is: -1.0 V 0.5 V +1.0 V 0.0 V None Which titration involves starch indicator? Acid-base Complexometric Precipitation Redox (Iodometry) None Which electrode is used as a reference electrode? Calomel electrode Ag/AgCl electrode Glass electrode Platinum electrode None Equivalent weight of H2SO4 is: 24.5 196 49 98 None If 0.1 M NaOH solution neutralizes 25 mL of HCl, the molarity of HCl is: 0.5 M 0.2 M 0.1 M 0.05 M None Which type of error affects accuracy but not precision? Personal error Random error Systematic error Instrumental error None Which glassware is most accurate for measuring volume? Measuring cylinder Conical flask Beaker Volumetric flask None A solution contains 10 g of solute in 1 L. If molar mass = 50 g/mol, molarity is: 0.2 M 0.5 M 2.0 M 0.1 M None The principle of UV-Visible spectroscopy is: Molecules absorb infrared radiation Nuclei absorb magnetic radiation Molecules scatter light Molecules absorb UV/Visible light causing electronic transitions None IR spectroscopy is used to determine: Functional groups Atomic number Density Molecular mass None Which spectroscopy is based on nuclear spin transitions? IR UV-Vis AAS NMR None Mass spectrometry gives information about: pH Color Functional group Molecular weight None Flame color of sodium in flame test is: Yellow Green Red Violet None In AAS, flame acts as: Atomizer Detector Filter Radiation source None Which detector is used in spectrophotometer? Mercury thermometer Photocell Calorimeter Potentiometer None Raman spectroscopy is based on: Inelastic scattering of light Emission of light Nuclear resonance Absorption of light None In chromatography, stationary phase can be: Gas Only solid Solid or liquid Only liquid None In gas chromatography, carrier gas is: Solute Eluent Mobile phase Stationary phase None In gravimetric analysis, substance is usually: Detected by color Precipitated and weighed Weighed directly Measured in volume None Which is used as a primary standard in acidimetry? KOH NaOH Na2CO3 HCl None Equivalent weight of KMnO4 in acidic medium is: 158/3 158 158/2 158/5 None Precipitation titrations are commonly used for: Nitrate determination Sulfate determination Phosphate determination Chloride determination None Which indicator is used in EDTA titration? Starch Eriochrome Black T Methyl orange Phenolphthalein None The titration between AgNO3 and NaCl is known as: Mohr’s method Complexometry Iodometry Permanganometry None The process of back titration is used when: Solute is volatile Reaction is fast Reaction is slow Standard solution is unstable None In iodometric titration, thiosulfate is used as: Indicator Reducing agent Oxidizing agent Solvent None A blank titration is performed to: Increase sensitivity Reduce concentration Increase precision Increase accuracy None Normality of 0.5 M H2SO4 is: 1.0 N 0.5 N 2.0 N 0.25 N None The glass electrode is commonly used for measuring: pH Conductivity Temperature Potential difference None Conductometric titration is based on measuring changes in: Current Conductance Voltage Resistance None In potentiometric titration, the indicator is replaced by: Salt bridge Internal standard Electrode potential measurement Light detector None The unit of molar conductivity is: V cm S cm² mol⁻¹ S mol cm ohm cm None The electrode used to measure dissolved oxygen is: Clark electrode Glass electrode Ag/AgCl electrode Calomel electrode None Buffer solutions resist change in: Conductivity Viscosity Temperature pH None Which ion-selective electrode is used for determination of fluoride ion? Silver electrode Calomel electrode Glass electrode Lanthanum fluoride electrode None The slope of Nernst equation at 25°C is: 2.303 V 0.0197 V 0.0591 V 1.0 V None A polarograph uses which type of electrode? Glass electrode Platinum electrode Dropping mercury electrode Reference electrode None Which method is best for determination of trace metals in water? Atomic absorption spectroscopy Conductometry Gravimetry Flame photometry None Which type of error cannot be eliminated? Random error Method error Instrumental error Systematic error None Accuracy of a method refers to: Calibration Closeness to true value Reproducibility Sensitivity None Precision refers to: Selectivity Sensitivity Reproducibility of results Closeness to true value None A sample that represents the whole population is called: Gross sample Random sample Standard sample Composite sample None Which test is used to detect outliers in data? Student’s t-test Grubbs’ test ANOVA F-test None Confidence interval depends upon: Standard deviation Median Range only Mean only None Which error occurs due to personal bias of analyst? Instrumental error Random error Systematic error Gross error None The measure of spread of data is: Median Mean Standard deviation Mode None Which statistical test compares variances? Chi-square test F-test t-test ANOVA None Replicate analysis is performed to improve: Sensitivity Detection limit Precision Accuracy None TLC stands for: Total Liquid Chromatography Thermal Layer Chromatography Thin Layer Chromatography Thin Liquid Column None In HPLC, the mobile phase is usually: Gas Liquid Plasma Solid None Partition coefficient is ratio of: Weight of solute to solvent Volume of solute to solvent Concentration in stationary phase to mobile phase Solute to sample None Retention time in chromatography is: Time of solvent flow None Migration rate of solvent Time taken by solute to pass through column None Which chromatography separates enantiomers? Gel filtration Paper Ion-exchange Chiral chromatography None Gel filtration chromatography separates molecules based on: Size Polarity Solubility Charge None In ion-exchange chromatography, stationary phase is: Neutral support Non-polar solid Liquid solvent Charged resin None Gas chromatography detectors include: FID Mercury thermometer IR lamp Salt bridge None The main limitation of TLC is: Low resolution Requires high volume Expensive Only works with gases None Capillary electrophoresis separates analytes by: Solubility Absorption Color Size-to-charge ratio None Beer-Lambert law fails at: Low concentrations Infinite dilution High concentrations Normal concentration None Which region of IR shows fingerprint region? 2500–2000 cm⁻¹ 2000–1500 cm⁻¹ 1500–400 cm⁻¹ 4000–2500 cm⁻¹ None Proton NMR chemical shift is measured in: cm⁻¹ ppm nm M None Which nucleus is NMR active? ¹²C ¹⁶O ³²S ¹H None In AAS, which flame is commonly used? Nitrogen-methane Oxygen-propane Oxygen-hydrogen Air-acetylene None In fluorescence spectroscopy, emitted radiation has: Variable Lower wavelength than excitation Longer wavelength than excitation Equal wavelength None Which type of spectroscopy is used to detect trace organic pollutants? Conductometry UV-Vis AAS Fluorescence None Which is used as a monochromator in spectrophotometers? Electrode Glass prism Hollow cathode lamp IR detector None Detector in NMR is based on: Absorption of IR Radiofrequency signal Absorption of UV Electron diffraction None ESI is an ionization technique used in: UV Potentiometry IR Mass spectrometry None Thermogravimetric analysis measures: Pressure change Mass change with temperature Volume change Color change None DSC stands for: Dynamic Standard Calibration Direct Sample Chromatography Differential Scanning Calorimetry Digital Surface Chemistry None BET method is used to determine: Conductivity Density Surface area Molecular mass None Which technique is used to determine crystallinity? X-ray diffraction Polarimetry Flame test IR spectroscopy None Which technique is suitable for water of crystallization determination? IR Flame photometry UV-Vis Gravimetric analysis None EDTA is mainly used for estimation of: Bases Metals Non-metals Acids None COD in water analysis is determined by: Dichromate method Flame photometry EDTA titration AAS None Hardness of water is measured by: Redox titration Mohr’s method Gravimetry EDTA titration None BOD stands for: Basic Oxygen Determination Biochemical Oxygen Determination Biological Organic Demand Biochemical Oxygen Demand None Kjeldahl method is used for determination of: Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon Sulfur None Turbidity of water is measured in: NTU dS/m ppm mg/L None Flame atomic emission is most sensitive for: Transition metals Alkali metals Halogens Actinides None Gravimetric filter used for trace analysis is: Millipore Nylon filter Whatman filter paper No. 42 Filter funnel None pH range of phenolphthalein indicator is: 3–5 8.3–10 11–13 1–3 None Limit of detection (LOD) means: Calibration slope Lowest concentration detected Highest concentration detected Average concentration None Which technique measures optical rotation? Calorimetry Polarimetry Turbidimetry Nephelometry None Nephelometry measures: Heat evolved Light scattered by particles Light absorbed Density None Which titration uses adsorption indicators? Acid-base Redox Precipitation titration Complexometric None Which is a non-destructive analytical technique? Dry ashing X-ray fluorescence Titrimetry Gravimetry None Flame emission intensity is proportional to: Pressure Concentration of analyte Temperature of flame Wavelength None 1 out of 1 Time's upTime is Up!
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